Los marcos de los noticieros televisivos y la segunda pantalla en Twitter y Facebook: Escándalo Pacogate en Chile
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29265/gypp.v30i3.973Palabras clave:
escándalo, encuadres, televisión, redes sociales, Pacogate, second screenResumen
A partir del caso de corrupción Pacogate, que afectó a la policía chilena durante 2017, esta investigación estudia los marcos de los principales noticieros de la televisión chilena y los comentarios en segunda pantalla que se sucedieron en Facebook y Twitter. A través de los encuadres propuestos por Entman (2012), sobre cómo los medios encuadran la corrupción, se postula, como parte del mismo fenómeno mediático, que mientras los noticiarios promovieron con sus marcos una definición y explicación del caso, las opiniones de las redes sociales no sólo fueron polarizadas, sino que también dieron una dimensión moralizante y crítica de lo ocurrido.Citas
Aguilar, M.G., F.J.P. Rojano y P.F. Batlle (2015), “Comportamiento de la audiencia de televisión en las redes sociales: Una aproximación al perfil y programas más comentados”, Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, 70(5), pp. 539-551, DOI: 10.4185/RLCS-2015-1058.
Ahora Noticias (2017a), “Carabineros llama a retiro a un general y a ocho oficiales por presunto fraude en el fisco”, 10 de marzo, Santiago de Chile, Meganoticias.
Ahora Noticias (2017b), “Urgente: 9 oficiales de Carabineros dados de baja”, 6 de marzo, Santiago de Chile, Meganoticias.
Ahora Noticias (2017c), “Ya van 15 funcionarios expulsados”, 10 de marzo, Santiago de Chile, Meganoticias.
Amigo, B., M.C. Bravo, C. Sécail, P. Lefébure y A. Borrell (2016), “Televisión, diversidad y hegemonía cultural: Un estudio comparado de los estereotipos étnicos dominantes en los sistemas televisivos de Chile y Francia”, Cuadernos.info, 39, pp. 151-164, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7764/cdi.39.754.
Auat, L.A. (2003), “La racionalidad política: Principios y mediaciones”, Tópicos, 11, pp. 45-61.
Bailard, C.S. (2012), “Testing the Internet’s Effect on Democratic Satisfaction: A Multimethodological, Cross-national Approach”, Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 9(2), pp. 185-204, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2011.641495.
Cacciatore, M.A., D.A. Scheufele y S. Iyengar (2016), “The End of Framing as We Know It… and the Future of Media Effects”, Mass Communication and Society, 19(1), pp. 7-23, DOI: 10.1080/15205436.2015.1068811.
Casero-Ripollés, A., S. Ortells Badenes y G. Rosique Cedillo (2014), “La espectacularización de la política: Consecuencias democráticas de la disolución de las fronteras entre información, entretenimiento y privacidad en la era digital”, Telos: Cuadernos de Comunicación e Innovación, 99, pp. 45-54.
Castells, M. (2009), Comunicación y poder, Madrid, Alianza Editorial.
Celis Fernández, T. (2017), “Detrás del miedo: Análisis de la construcción discursiva del miedo al delito en Chile en los noticiarios centrales de televisión”, tesis de maestría, Universidad de Chile.
Ceron, A. (2015), “Internet, News, and Political Trust: The Difference between Social Media and Online Media Outlets”, Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 20(5), pp. 487-503, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12129.
Chadwick, A. (2013), The Hybrid Media System: Politics and Power, Nueva York, Oxford University Press.
Chadwick, A., B. O’Loughlin y C. Vaccari (2017), “Why People Dual Screen Political Debates and Why It Matters for Democratic Engagement”, Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 61(2), pp. 220-239, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2017.1309415.
Christians, C., T. Glasser, D. McQuail, K. Nordenstreng y R. White (2009), Normative Theories of the Media: Journalism in Democratic Societies, Urbana y Champaign, Universidad de Illinois.
Clemente, M. y C. Gabbioneta (2017), “How Does the Media Frame Corporate Scandals? The Case of German Newspapers and the Volkswagen Diesel Scandal”, Journal of Management Inquiry, 26(3), pp. 287-302, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1056492616689304.
Coronel, S. (2010), “Corruption and the Watchdog Role of the News Media”, en P. Norris (ed.), Public Sentinel: News Media and Governance Reform, Washington, D.C., Banco Mundial, pp. 111-136.
Courtois, C. y E. D’heer (2012), “Second Screen Applications and Tablet Users: Constellation, Awareness, Experience, and Interest”, Proceedings of the 10th European Conference on Interactive TV and video, ACM, pp. 153-156).
Curran, J. (2002), Media and Power, Nueva York, Routledge.
Easteal, P., K. Holland y K. Judd (2015), “Enduring Themes and Silences in Media Portrayals of Violence Against Women”, Women’s Studies International Forum, 48, pp. 103-113, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2014.10.015.
Echeverría, M, R. González y F. Tagle (2021), “Corruption Framing in Latin American Media Systems: A Comparison Between Mexico and Chile”, The Journal of International Communication, 27(2), pp. 149-171, DOI: 10.1080/13216597.2021.1904268.
Elbahnasawy, N.G. (2014), “E-government, Internet Adoption, and Corruption: An Empirical Investigation”, World Development, 57, pp. 114-126, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.12.005.
Entman, R. (1993), “Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm”, Journal of Communication, 43(4), pp. 51-58.
Entman, R. (2012), Scandal and Silence: Media Responses to Presidential Misconduct, Cambridge, Polity Press.
Etchegaray, N. y A. Matus (2015), “Evolución de la cobertura de la pobreza entre 2005 y 2014: Qué ha cambiado y qué no en los noticiarios de televisión abierta en Chile”, Cuadernos.info, 36, pp. 53-69, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7764/cdi.36.727.
Falkheimer, J. y E.K. Olsson (2015), “Depoliticizing Terror: The News Framing of the Terrorist Attacks in Norway, 22 July 2011”, Media, War & Conflict, 8(1), pp. 70-85.
Feenstra, R.A. y A. Casero-Ripollés (2014), “Democracy in the Digital Communication Environment: A Typology Proposal of Political Monitoring Processes”, International Journal of Communication, 8, pp. 2448-2468.
Fox, J.A. (2015), “Social Accountability: What Does the Evidence Really Say?” World Development, 72, pp. 346-361, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.03.011.
Garcia, S.M., L.A. Muñoz y A.C. Ripollés (2017), “Usos ciudadanos de Twitter en eventos políticos relevantes. La# SesiónDeInvestidura de Pedro Sánchez”, Comunicación y Hombre, 13, pp. 25-49.
García-Perdomo, V. (2017), “Entre paz y odio: Encuadres de la elección presidencial colombiana de 2014 en Twitter”, Cuadernos.info, 41, pp. 57-70, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.7764/cdi.41.1241.
Gearhart, S. y D. Dinkel (2016), “Mother Knows Breast: A Content Analysis of Breastfeeding in Television Network News”, Health Communication, 31(7), pp. 884-891, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2015.1012631.
Gibs, J., H. Shimmel, D. Kaplan y C. Schilling (2009), The Shifting Media Landscape: Integrated Measurement in a Multi-screen World, Nueva York, The Nielsen Company.
Gil de Zúñiga, H., L. Molyneux y P. Zheng (2014), “Social Media, Political Expression, and Political Participation: Panel Analysis of Lagged and Concurrent Relationships”, Journal of Communication, 64(4), pp. 612-634, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12103.
Gil de Zúñiga, H., V. García-Perdomo y S.C. McGregor (2015), “What is Second Screening? Exploring Motivations of Second Screen use and Its Effect on Online Political Participation”, Journal of Communication, 65(5), pp. 793-815, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12174.
Gil de Zúñiga, H. y J.H. Liu (2017), “Second Screening Politics in the Social Media Sphere: Advancing Research on Dual Screen Use in Political Communication with Evidence from 20 Countries”, Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 61(2), pp. 193-219, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2017.1309420.
Gorkovenko, K. y N. Taylor (2016), “Politics at Home: Second Screen Behaviours and Motivations During TV Debates”, Proceedings of the 9th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, octubre, p. 22.
Grundberg, M.D. y S. Lindgren (2015), “Translocal Frame Extensions in a Networked Protest: Situating the# IdleNoMore Hashtag”, IC Revista Científica de Información y Comunicación, 11.
Hampton, M. (2010), “The Fourth Estate Ideal in Journalism History”, en A. Stuart (ed.), The Routledge Companion to News and Journalism, Abingdon, Routledge.
Hermida, A. (2010), “Twittering the News: The Emergence of Ambient Journalism”, Journalism Practice, 4(3), pp. 297-308, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17512781003640703.
Holody, K.J. y E.S. Daniel (2017), “Attributes and Frames of the Aurora Shootings: National and Local News Coverage Differences”, Journalism Practice, 11(1), pp. 80-100, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2015.1121786.
Hootsuite (2020), #Digital 2020: Chile, Nueva York, Hootsuite.
Iyengar, S. (1991), Is Anyone Responsible? How Television Frames Political Issues, Chicago, The University of Chicago Press.
Iyengar, S. y A. Simon (1993), “News Coverage of the Gulf Crisis and Public Opinion: A Study of Agenda-setting, Priming and Framing”, Communication Research, 20(3), pp. 365-383.
Jacobson, S. (2013), “Does Audience Participation on Facebook Influence the News Agenda? A Case Study of the Rachel Maddow Show”, Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 57(3), pp. 338-355, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2013.816706.
Jha, C.K. y S. Sarangi (2017), “Does Social Media Reduce Corruption?” Information Economics and Policy, 39, pp. 60-71, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infoecopol.2017.04.001.
Jensen, M. (2016), “The Emergence of Second-screen Gatekeeping”, Digital Journalism, 4(3), pp. 321-338, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2015.1054408.
Jung, J.Y. y M. Villi (2018), “Newspapers and Cross-Level Communications on Social Media: A Comparative Study of Japan, Korea, and Finland”, Digital Journalism, 6(1), pp. 58-75, DOI: 10.1080/21670811.2017.1335605.
Kantar (2017), Rating canales chilenos, Kantar IBOPE Media.
Keane, J. (2011), “Monitory Democracy?” en S. Alonso, J. Keane y W. Merkel (eds.), The Future of Representative Democracy, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 212-235, DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511770883.010.
Kepplinger, H.M., S. Geiss y S. Siebert (2012), “Framing Scandals: Cognitive and Emotional Media Effects”, Journal of Communication, 62(4), pp. 659-681, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01653.x.
Krippendorff, K. (1990), Metodología y análisis de contenido, Barcelona, Paidós.
Larsen, A.G. (2018), “Threatening Criminals and Marginalized Individuals: Frames and News Conventions in Reporting of Radicalization and Violent Extremism”, Media, War & Conflict, 12(3), pp. 299-316, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1750635218769331.
Latinobarómetro (2016), Informe 2015, Buenos Aires, Latinobarómetro.
Latinobarómetro (2017), Informe 2016, Buenos Aires, Latinobarómetro.
Latinobarómetro (2019), Informe 2018, Buenos Aires, Latinobarómetro.
McCombs, M. (2006), Estableciendo la agenda: El impacto de los medios en la opinión pública y en el conocimiento, Barcelona, Paidós.
McCombs, M. y D. Shaw (1972), “The Agenda Setting Function of Mass Media”, The Public Opinión Quarterly, 36(2), pp. 176-187, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/267990.
McCombs, M., D. Shaw y D. Weaver (2014), “New Directions in Agenda-Setting Theory and Research”, Mass Communication and Society, 17(6), pp. 781-802, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2014.964871.
McQuail, D. (2013), Journalism and Society, Thousand Oaks, Sage.
McHale, J.P. (2017), “Media Coverage of Corruption and Scandal in the 2016 Presidential Election: Fantasy Themes of Crooked Hillary and Corrupt Businessman Trump”, Corruption, Accountability and Discretion, 29, pp. 107-123.
Meraz, S. (2009), “Is There an Elite Hold? Traditional Media to Social Media Agenda Setting Influence in Blog Networks”, Journal of Computer-mediated Communication, 14(3), pp. 682-707, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2009.01458.x.
Morales, M.C., N.G. Cabezas, K. Jaime y F. Rendić (2018), “Uso de Twitter en desastres: El terremoto de Iquique”, Interciencia, 43(5), pp. 343-350.
Myrick, J.G., L.H. Major y S.M. Jankowski (2014), “The Sources and Frames Used to Tell Stories about Depression and Anxiety: A Content Analysis of 18 Years of National Television News Coverage”, Electronic News, 8(1), pp. 49-63, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1931243114523962.
Neate, T., M. Jones y M. Evans (2017), “Cross-device Media: A Review of Second Screening and Multi-device Television”, Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, 21(2), pp. 391-405, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00779-017-1016-2.
Nölleke, D., C.G. Grimmer y T. Horky (2017), “News Sources and Follow-up Communication: Facets of Complementarity between Sports Journalism and Social Media”, Journalism Practice, 11(4), pp. 509-526, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2015.1125761.
O’Donnell, G. (1996), “Otra institucionalización”, Política y Gobierno, III(2), pp. 219-244.
O’Donnell, G. (2004), “Notas sobre la democracia en América Latina”, preparado para el Proyecto sobre el Desarrollo de la Democracia en América Latina (Proddal), en PNUD, La democracia en América Latina. Hacia una democracia de ciudadanas y ciudadanos. Anexo: El debate conceptual sobre la democracia (CD ROM), Buenos Aires, Aguilar/Altea/Taurus/Alfaguara.
Park, C. (2012), “How the Media Frame Political Corruption Episodic and Thematic Frames Stories Found Illinois Newspaper”, presentado en el Ethics and Reform Symposium on Illinois Government, Chicago, septiembre.
Peruzzotti, E. y C. Smulovitz (2002), Civil Society, the Media and Internet as Tools for Crea ting Accountability to Poor and Disadvantaged Groups, United Nations Development Programme-Human Development Report Office.
Peruzzotti, E. y C. Smulovitz (2006), “Social Accountability: An Introduction”, en E. Peruzzotti y C. Smulovitz (eds.), Enforcing the Rule of Law: Social Accountability in the New Latin American Democracies, Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Press.
Peruzzotti, E. (2019), “Scandals and Social Accountability”, en H. Tumber y S. Waisbord (eds.), The Routledge Companion to Media and Scandal, Londres, Routledge.
Przeworski, A. (2006), “Accountability social en América Latina y más allá”, en E. Peruzzotti y C. Smulovitz (eds.), Enforcing the Rule of Law: Social Accountability in the New Latin American Democracies, Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Press.
Prabowo, H.Y., R. Hamdani y Z.M. Sanusi (2018), “The New Face of People Power: An Exploratory Study on the Potential of Social Media for Combating Corruption in Indonesia”, Australasian Accounting, Business and Finance Journal, 12(3), pp. 19-20, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14453/aabfj.v12i3.3.
Rose-Ackerman, S. y B.J. Palifka (2016), Corruption and Government: Causes, Consequences, and Reform, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Rosenstiel, T., J. Sonderman, K. Loker, M. Ivancin y N. Kjarval (2015), “Twitter and the News: How People Use the Social Network to Learn about the World”, disponible en: https://www. americanpressinstitute. org/publications/reports/survey-research/howpeople-use-twitter-news/single-page [fecha de consulta: 12 de agosto de 2021].
Sádaba, T., J. Rodríguez y M. Bartolomé (2012), “Propuesta de sistematización de la teoría del framing para el estudio y praxis de la comunicación política”, Observatorio (OBS*) Journal, 2(6), pp. 109-126.
Scheufele, D. y D. Tewksbury (2007), “Framing, Agenda Setting and Priming: The Evolution of Three Media Effects Models”, Journal of Communication, 57(1), pp. 9-20, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00326_5.x.
Scheufele, D. y S. Iyengar (2012), “The State of Framing Research: A Call for New Directions”, en K. Kenski y K.H. Jamieson (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Political Communication Theories, Nueva York, Oxford University Press.
Semetko, H. y P. Valkenburg (2000), “Framing European Politics: A Content Analysis of Press and Television News”, International Communication Association, 50(2), pp. 93-109, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2000.tb02843.x.
Tagle, F. (2017a), “Alcances y obstáculos de la accountability mediática en América Latina tras la Tercera Ola de la democracia”, Anagramas-Rumbos y sentidos de la comunicación, 16(31), pp. 135-150.
Tagle, F. (2017b), “Framing y desastres naturales: Encuadre a la prensa escrita chilena”, Perspectivas de la Comunicación-ISSN 0718-4867, 10(1), pp. 137-156.
Tagle, F. (2021), “Generic Frames in Corruption Scandals in Chile (2015-2019): Differences and Similarities Between Print and Online Media”, International Journal of Communication, 15(22), disponible en: https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/16852 [fecha de consulta: 12 de agosto de 2021].
Tagle, F. y C. Claro (2018), “Encuadres y uso de fuentes en la vigilancia mediática. Análisis de prensa argentina y chilena: Casos José López y Caval”, Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico, 24(1), p. 413, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5209/ESMP.59958.
Tankard, J. (2001), “The Empirical Approach to the Study of Media Framing”, en S.D. Reese, O.H. Gandy, Jr. y A.E. Grant (eds.), Framing Public Life: Perspectives on Media and Our Understanding of the Social World, Londres, Routledge, pp. 95-106.
Teletrece (2017a), “10 detenidos por fraude en Carabineros: Detenido ex director de Finanzas”, 18 de marzo, Santiago de Chile, Canal 13.
Teletrece (2017b), “Fraude en Carabineros suma 15 oficiales”, 10 de marzo, Santiago de Chile, Canal 13.
Teletrece (2017c), “Último minuto: Nuevas detenciones en Carabineros”, 11 de marzo, Santiago de Chile, Canal 13.
Thompson, J. (2001), El escándalo político: Poder y visibilidad en la era de los medios de comunicación, Barcelona, Paidós.
TI (Transparency International) (2017), Corruption Perceptions Index 2016, Washington, D.C., Transparency International.
TI (Transparency International) (2019), Corruption Perceptions Index 2018, Washington, Transparency International.
Trilling, D. (2015), “Two Different Debates? Investigating the Relationship between a Political Debate on TV and Simultaneous Comments on Twitter”, Social Science Computer Review, 33(3), pp. 259-276, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439314537886.
Valenzuela, S., T. Correa y H. Gil de Zuniga (2018), “Ties, Likes, and Tweets: Using Strong and Weak Ties to Explain Differences in Protest Participation Across Facebook and Twitter use”, Political Communication, 35(1), pp. 117-134, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2017.1334726.
Vargo, C.J., E. Basilaia y D.L. Shaw (2015), “Event versus Issue: Twitter Reflections of Major News, a Case Study”, en L. Robinson, S.R. Cotten y J. Schulz (eds.), Communication and Information Technologies Annual: Politics, Participation and Production, 9, Bingley, Emerald Group Publishing, pp. 215-239.
Waisbord, S. (2000), Watchdog Journalism in South America. News, Accountability, and Democracy, Nueva York, Columbia University Press.
Waisbord, S. (2012), “Political Communication in Latin America”, en H. Semetko y M. Scammell (eds.), The Sage Handbook of Political Communication, Nueva Delhi, Sage.
Weeks, B.E., A. Ardèvol-Abreu y H. Gil de Zúñiga (2017), “Online Influence? Social Media Use, Opinion Leadership, and Political Persuasion”, International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 29(2), pp. 214-239, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edv050.
Weeks, B.E. y R.L. Holbert (2013), “Predicting Dissemination of News Content in Social Media a Focus on Reception, Friending, and Partisanship”, Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 90(2), pp. 212-232, DOI: 10.1177/1077699013482906.
Youyou, W., M. Kosinski y D. Stillwell (2015), “Computer-based Personality Judgments are More Accurate than Those Made by Humans”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(4), pp. 1036-1040, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1418680112.
Zamora, R. y J. Marín Albaladejo (2010), “La representación simbólica del escándalo político: Hacia una tipología de los marcos periodísticos (Frames) utilizados en la narración del escándalo de corrupción política”, Razón y Palabra, 73, pp. 1-27.
Publicado
-
Resumen134
-
PDF141
-
XML0
